ES6 syntactic sugar over JavaScript's prototype-based inheritance. Classes provide a cleaner way to create objects and implement inheritance using extends and super.

A mechanism where a class (child) derives properties and methods from another class (parent). In JavaScript, inheritance is achieved through the prototype chain or the extends keyword with ES6 classes.

The practice of bundling data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, while restricting direct access to some of the object's internals. JavaScript uses closures and private class fields (#) for encapsulation.